As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission's compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines.

• The submission has not been previously published, nor is it before another journal for consideration (or an explanation has been provided in Comments to the Editor).
• The submission file is in OpenOffice, Microsoft Word, or RTF document file format.
• The manuscript adheres to the stylistic and bibliographic requirements outlined in the Authors Guidelines - Style Guide.
• Upon the acceptance of publication, authors must consent to assign the copyright in the article to MMU Press, Multimedia University (registered as Universiti Telekom Sdn Bhd).
• Authors must provide an Acknowledgement, Funding Information, and relevant Statements (including Conflict of Interest, Author Contributions, Ethical Compliance, and Data Access Statement) for each article prior to final submission.
• The submission includes a separate title page containing the manuscript title, full author name(s), affiliation(s), email address(es), and ORCID iD(s), where applicable.
• The main manuscript file has been anonymised and does not contain any author-identifying information, including names, affiliations, acknowledgements, funding details, or document metadata.
• Authors must ensure that the similarity score of the paper is typically not more than 20% and all work are duly and correctly attributed and cited within the body of the text and in the References section. AI index of the paper should also be within reasonable limits and use of AI in the preparation of the paper duly declared by the authors.