Utilisation of Response Surface Methodology to Optimise Bandgap and Resistance of Nickel Oxide using The Sol-gel Method
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Abstract
Nickel oxide (NiO) is a promising hole transport layer for inverted perovskite solar cells, but its bandgap and resistance are highly sensitive to synthesis conditions. This study applies Response Surface Methodology to optimize precursor molarity, solution pH, and annealing temperature for NiO thin films prepared via the sol–gel method. The optimal condition 0.125 M, pH 10, and 450 oC yielded a bandgap of 3.6 eV and low electrical resistance, suitable for efficient hole transport. These results demonstrate that annealing temperature and pH significantly influence NiO properties, enabling reproducible fabrication of high-performance films.
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References
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