Exploring the nexus of entrepreneurial potential and entrepreneurial mentoring among TVET programme students

Main Article Content

Norffadhillah Rofa
Rohana Ngah

Abstract

Malaysia government aims to foster an entrepreneurial ecosystem by launching The National Entrepreneurship Policy in 2019 to encourage TVET students to participate in entrepreneurship. TVET students are taught about business startups. This collaboration with the Ministry of Education (MoE) seeks to nurture student entrepreneurs as job creators. Issues such as salary discrimination, and competency gaps are often faced by TVET graduates. A total of 252 students from Vocational Colleges in Malaysia were selected using stratified sampling. The result found entrepreneurial students and entrepreneurial interaction have a relationship with entrepreneurial potential. Yet, no relationship was indicated between entrepreneurial potential and the entrepreneurial mentor. The study expands knowledge of TVET students' entrepreneurial potential and provides insights into entrepreneurial potential studies for Malaysian entrepreneurship academia. It also helps the public and private sectors create entrepreneurship mentoring programmes. The findings support the TVET institution's goal of becoming an entrepreneurial hub.

Article Details

How to Cite
Rofa, N., & Ngah, R. . (2024). Exploring the nexus of entrepreneurial potential and entrepreneurial mentoring among TVET programme students . Issues and Perspectives in Business and Social Sciences, 4(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.33093/ipbss.2024.4.1.7
Section
Research papers

References

Abdullah, Z., Hoque, K. E., Ramlan, N. H., & Shafee, S. (2019). Designing the structural model of TVET lecturers’ professionalism and generic skills based on an empirical study in Malaysia. Sage Open, 9(3), 2158244019861456.

Adeel, S., Daniel, A. D., & Botelho, A. (2023). The effect of entrepreneurship education on the determinants of entrepreneurial behavior among higher education students: A multi-group analysis. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(1), 100324.

Agbonna, A. R. (2022). Moderating effect of mentorship on the relationship between entrepreneurial learning and attitude towards entrepreneurship. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 10(1), 89–06.

Agrawal, A. K., Tripathi, V., & Bhoyar, P. K. (2023). Understanding the interaction among motivators of entrepreneurial aspiration of university students in India. International Journal of Enterprise Network Management, 14(1-2), 99–121.

Alharbi, J., Almahdi, H., & Mosbah, A. (2018). The impact of entrepreneurship education programs (EEPs) on the entrepreneurial attitudes among higher education students. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 7(3), 245–271.

Annas, M., & Meilinda, V. (2023). A Review of Indonesian Business Start-Up Incubator Models. Startupreneur Bisnis Digital (SABDA Journal), 2(1), 86–97.

Anwar, I., Thoudam, P., & Saleem, I. (2022). Role of entrepreneurial education in shaping entrepreneurial intention among university students: Testing the hypotheses using mediation and moderation approach. Journal of Education for Business, 97(1), 8–20.

Assenova, V. A. (2020). Early-stage venture incubation and mentoring promote learning, scaling, and profitability among disadvantaged entrepreneurs. Organization Science, 31(6), 1560–1578.

Avazovna, O. K. (2022). Spending The Free Time Of Students Professionally, Improving Their Entrepreneurial Skills And Providing Social Support To Them. American Journal of Pedagogical and Educational Research, 7(2022), 129–131.

Bazkiaei, H. A., Heng, L. H., Khan, N. U., Saufi, R. B. A., & Kasim, R. S. R. (2020). Do entrepreneurial education and big-five personality traits predict entrepreneurial intention among universities students?. Cogent business & management, 7(1), 1801217.

Bejinaru, R., Neamtu, D. M., Condratov, I., Stanciu, P., & Hapenciuc, C. V. (2023). Exploring the effectiveness of university agenda for developing students' entrepreneurial behavior. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 36(1), 1317–1337.

Bell, R., & Cui, J. (2023). Addressing progressive educational reforms: Fusing acquisition approaches and participation in Chinese entrepreneurship education. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(1), 100748.

Bist, A. S. (2023). The Importance of Building a Digital Business Startup in College. Startupreneur Bisnis Digital (SABDA Journal), 2(1), 31–42.

Blazic, B. J. (2022). Changing the landscape of cybersecurity education in the EU: Will the new approach produce the required cybersecurity skills?. Education and information technologies, 27(3), 3011-3036.

Bozward, D., Rogers-Draycott, M., Angba, C., Zhang, C., Ma, H., An, F., Topolansky, F., Sabia, L., Bell, R. & Beaumont, E. (2023). How can entrepreneurial interventions in a university context impact the entrepreneurial intention of their students? Entrepreneurship Education, 6(1), 1–23.

Chin, W. W. (2009). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In In: Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H. (eds). Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (655–690). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Cockalo, D., Dordevic, D., Nikolic, M., Stanisavljev, S., & Terek, E. (2017). Analysis of possibilities for improving entrepreneurial behaviour of young people: Research results in Central Banat district. Journal of Engineering Management and Competitiveness (JEMC), 7(2), 97–108.

Coduras, A., Saiz-Alvarez, J. M., & Ruiz, J. (2016). Measuring readiness for entrepreneurship: An information tool proposal. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 1(2), 99–108.

Colakoglu, N., & Gozukara, I. (2016). A comparison study on personality traits based on the attitudes of university students toward entrepreneurship. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 22(2016), 133–140.

Daragmeh, A., & Halabi, A. (2023). A Diagnostic Study of Entrepreneurial Education Readiness in the Humanities and Social Sciences in Palestine. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 11(1), 63–101.

Davis, T. M., Jones, M. K., Settles, I. H., & Russell, P. G. (2022). Barriers to the successful mentoring of faculty of color. Journal of Career Development, 49(5), 1063–1081.

Dilshodovich, P. D. (2023). Entrepreneurship and Start-Up Culture: Nurturing Innovation and Growth. Procedia on Economic Scientific Research, 4(2023), 36–41.

Djubaedi, D., Rohadi, T., & Kodama, Y. (2023). Core Entrepreneurial Competencies for Local Content Curriculum. International Journal of Educational Qualitative Quantitative Research, 2(1), 12–17.

Ewim, D. R. E. (2023). Integrating Business Principles in STEM Education: Fostering Entrepreneurship in Students and Educators in the US and Nigeria. IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development), 6(4), 590–605.

Fauchald, R. N., Aaboen, L., & Haneberg, D. H. (2022). Utilisation of entrepreneurial experiences in student-driven mentoring processes. The International Journal of Management Education, 20(2), 100651.

Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions. G. David Garson and Statistical Associates Publishing

Gimmon, E. (2014). Mentoring as a practical training in higher education of entrepreneurship. Education+ Training, 56(8/9), 814–825.

Hagg, G., Politis, D. and Alsos, G.A. (2023). Does gender balance in entrepreneurship education make a difference to prospective start-up behaviour?, Education + Training, 65(4), 630–653.

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Thiele, K. O. (2017). Mirror, mirror on the wall: a comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modelling methods. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 4(5), 616–632.

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.

Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2011), PLS-SEM: indeed, a silver bullet, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–151.

Hair, J.F., (2010). A Premier Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLSSEM). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Hanafi, A. G., Ahmad, H. H., Mansor, M. F., & Mustafa, W. A. (2023). An Integrated Approach in Empowering Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) for Malaysian Asnaf in the IR4. 0 Era. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 30(2), 255–271.

Hartikainen, H., Venta-Olkkonen, L., Kinnula, M., & Iivari, N. (2023). We were proud of our idea: How teens and teachers gained value in an entrepreneurship and making project. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 35(2023), 100552.

Hastuti, M., & Maslamah, M. (2023). Entrepreneurship Character Education Through The Market Day Program. Ilmuna: Jurnal Studi Pendidikan Agama Islam, 5(1), 57–75.

Hejazi, S. Y., & Sadoughi, M. (2023). How does teacher support contribute to learners’ grit? The role of learning enjoyment. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 17(3), 593–606.

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.). New challenges to international marketing: Advances in international marketing Vol 20 (277–319). Bingley: Emerald Group.

Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M. & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135.

Hossain, M. I., Tabash, M. I., Siow, M. L., Ong, T. S., & Anagreh, S. (2023). Entrepreneurial intentions of Gen Z university students and entrepreneurial constraints in Bangladesh. Journal of innovation and entrepreneurship, 12(1), 1–34.

Ministry of Education Malaysia (2019). Vocational College. https://www.moe.gov.my/en/tvet/vocational-college

Huang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2023). A Study on the Mechanism of College Students’ Entrepreneurial Exit: Regulating Effect of Entrepreneurial Self efficacy and Entrepreneurial Ability. SHS Web of Conferences, 163. EDP Sciences.

Hutasuhut, S., & Aditia, R. (2021). Overview of Student Entrepreneurship in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Strategic Issues on Economics, Business and Education (ICoSIEBE 2021). Atlantis Press International B.V.

Jackson, K. (2022). Mentoring and coaching early career academics in the Asia-Pacific region: opportunities to develop individual resilience? Asia Pacific Business Review, 28(2), 287–296.

Jaki, E., & Huszak, L. (2023). Lessons learned from entrepreneurship education: Foreword to the special collection. Society and Economy, 45(1), 1–7.

James, S. D., Mustapha, R., Paramasivam, T., & Nashir, I. M. (2023). A survey of facility management green skills competency among TVET educators and students in a public university in Malaysia. Proceeding on Computer and Electrical Education Research (PROCESSOR), 1(1), 1–22.

Kalogiannidis, S., Loizou, E., Melfou, K., & Papaevangelou, O. (2022, September). Assessing relationship between entrepreneurship education and business growth. In Business Development and Economic Governance in Southeastern Europe: 13th International Conference on the Economies of the Balkan and Eastern European Countries (EBEEC), Pafos, Cyprus, 2021 (pp. 183–194). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Kantis, H. D., Federico, J. S., & García, S. I. (2020). Entrepreneurship policy and systemic conditions: Evidence-based

implications and recommendations for emerging countries. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 72(2020), 100872.

Kent, T., Dennis, C., & Tanton, S. (2003). An evaluation of mentoring for SME retailers. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 31(8/9), 440–448.

Khelifi, S. (2023). Informal university entrepreneurship: The missing link in transition higher education systems. International Journal of Educational Development, 97(March), 102725.

Khieng, S., Mason, S., & Lim, S. (2019). Innovation And Entrepreneurship Ecosystem In Cambodia: The Roles Of Academic Institutions. Cdri Working Paper Series 118. https://cdri. org. kh/storage/pdf/wp118e_1617248421. pdf.

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.

Kintu, D., Kitainge, K. M., & Ferej, A. (2019). An exploration of strategies for facilitating graduates’ transition to the world of work: A case of technical, vocational education and training graduates in Uganda. International Journal of Vocational Education and Training Research, 5(1), 1–9.

Kline, R. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd. ed.) New York : Guilford Press.

Kock, N., 2015. Common method bias in PLS-SEM: a full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10.

Laalo, H., Koskinen, H., Stenholm, P., & Siivonen, P. (2023). Shaping and negotiating entrepreneurial selves in academic entrepreneurship education. Journal of Praxis in Higher Education, 5(1), 69–92.

Lei, J., Indiran, L., Ramakrishna, Y., Raju, P., & Kohar, U. H. A. (2023). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurship intention among engineering students: Impact of personal, academic, and social factors. In Yanamandra, R. & Indiran, L. (Eds.) Handbook of Research on Designing Sustainable Strategies to Develop Entrepreneurial Intention (1–28). IGI Global

Leong, C. K. (2008). Entrepreneurial intention: an empirical study among Open University Malaysia (OUM) students (Doctoral dissertation, Open University Malaysia).

Lope Pihie, Z., & Bagheri, A. (2011). Are teachers qualified to teach entrepreneurship? analysis of entrepreneurial attitude and self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(18), 1–8.

Lowell, V. L., & Yang, M. (2023). Authentic learning experiences to improve online instructor’s performance and self-efficacy: The design of an online mentoring program. TechTrends, 67(1), 112–123.

Madu, C. O., & Okunna, O. K. (2023). Assessment of implementation of national youth service corps ICT skill acquisition training programmes in Anambra State. African Journal of Educational Management, Teaching and Entrepreneurship Studies, 8(1), 36–49.

Maheshwari, G., Kha, K. L., & Arokiasamy, A. R. A. (2022). Factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial intentions: a systematic review (2005–2022) for future directions in theory and practice. Management Review Quarterly 73(4), 1–68.

Makwara, T., Sibanda, L., & Iwu, C. G. (2023). To what extent is entrepreneurship a sustainable career choice for the youth? a post-COVID-19 descriptive analysis. In Eniola, A.A., Iwu, C.G., & Opute, A.P. (Eds.) The Future of Entrepreneurship in Africa Challenges and Opportunities Post-pandemic (pp. 59–79). Routledge.

Munawar, S., Yousaf, H. Q., Ahmed, M., & Rehman, S. (2023). The influence of online entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial success: An empirical study in Pakistan. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(1), 100752.

Musyimi, M. N., & Mwasiaji, E. (2023). Entrepreneurship education for small and medium business enterprises in Kajiado County, Kenya. International Academic Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(8), 409–424.

Nate, S., Grecu, V., Stavytskyy, A., & Kharlamova, G. (2022). Fostering entrepreneurial ecosystems through the stimulation and mentorship of new entrepreneurs. Sustainability, 14(13), 7985.

Nchu, R. M., Tengeh, R. K., & Cronje, J. (2023). A call for more entrepreneurship education in non-business programs at South African TVET colleges. EUREKA: Social and Humanities, 22(3), 67–78.

Njenga, M. (2023). TVET teacher mentoring in Kenya: valued but poorly implemented. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, (ahead-of-print).

Nowinski, W., Haddoud, M. Y., Lancaric, D., Egerova, D., & Czegledi, C. (2019). The impact of entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and gender on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in the Visegrad countries. Studies in Higher Education, 44(2), 361–379.

Nulty, D.D. (2008). The adequacy of response rates to online and paper surveys: what can be done? Assessment &

Evaluation in Higher Education, 33(3), 301–314.

Okagbue, E. F., Ezeachikulo, U. P., & Muhideen, S. (2023). The application of TPB concepts in building innovative African entrepreneurs, and effective entrepreneurship education in Africa: A way forward for Africa to Post-COVID-19 economic sustainability. In In Eniola, A.A., Iwu, C.G., & Opute, A.P. (Eds.) The Future of Entrepreneurship in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities Post-pandemic (pp. 162–185). Routledge.

Okeremi, A., & Caesar, L. D. (2022). Successful IT entrepreneurship in Nigeria: The contingent role of mentorship. Journal of African Business 24(4), 1–35.

Olugbola, S. A. (2017). Exploring entrepreneurial readiness of youth and startup success components: Entrepreneurship training as a moderator. Journal of innovation & Knowledge, 2(3), 155–171.

Olumuyiwa, O. A., Kimweli, K. M., & Modise, M. A. (2023). Comparative factors influencing entrepreneurial skills acquisition amongst students in rural universities of Sub-Sahara Africa’s developing nations. Education Sciences, 13(3), 229.

Ozen, C., Owaishiz, A., Dabic, M., & Daim, T. (2023). Exploring entrepreneurship in the academic environment. Technology in Society, 72(February), 102168.

Padi, A., Dzisi, P. S., & Eshun, P. J. F. (2022). Entrepreneurship education in TVET institutions and entrepreneurial intentions of female students in Ghana: the social support factor. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1), 2137954.

Passavanti, C., Ponsiglione, C., Primario, S., & Rippa, P. (2023). The evolution of student entrepreneurship: State of the art and emerging research direction. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(2), 100820.

Pham, D. (2018). Contemporary issues in entrepreneurship research volume 7: Entrepreneurship education: New perspectives on research, policy & practice. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(1), 317–319.

Pittaway, L., Benedict, P., Geyer, K., & Somia, T. (2023). Entrepreneurship clubs and societies: learning benefits in practice. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4404149

Poon, T. S. C., Wu, C. H., & Liu, M. C. (2023). Developing entrepreneurial ecosystem: a case of unicorns in China and its innovation policy implications. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2022.2157849

Prastyaningtyas, E. W., Sutrisno, S., Soeprajitno, E. D., Ausat, A. M. A., & Suherlan, S. (2023). Analysing the role of mentors in entrepreneurship education: effective support and assistance. Journal on Education, 5(4), 14571-14577.

Putro, H. P. N., Rusmaniah, R., Mutiani, M., Abbas, E. W., Jumriani, J., & Ilhami, M. R. (2022). Social capital of micro, small and medium enterprises in Kampung Purun for improving entrepreneurship education. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 14(2), 1669–1680.

Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1): 115–35.

Rofa, N., & Ngah, R. (2022). Entrepreneurial personality traits towards entrepreneurial potential of TVET students in Malaysia: A PLS-SEM approach. ASEAN Entrepreneurship Journal, 8(3), 63-80.

Sarwar, F., Sami, A., & Nauman, B. (2023). Personality and entrepreneurial intentions of final year business students in Pakistan: The mediating role of entrepreneurial education and social norms. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Venturing, 3(1), 81-99.

Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Shah, I. A., Amjed, S., & Jaboob, S. (2020). The moderating role of entrepreneurship education in shaping entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Economic Structures, 9, 19

Shehu, R. N. A., & Ahmad, N. H. (2023). Entrepreneurship education and graduate’s venture creation activities: roles of entrepreneurial support and entrepreneurial capabilities. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 13(1), 3.

Shi, Y., & Bangpan, M. (2022). Young people’s participation experiences of technical and vocational education and training interventions in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 14(1), 1–42.

Shymko, Y., & Khoury, T. A. (2023). From community rootedness to individuated entrepreneuring: The development of entrepreneurial motivation through a temporary community of practice. Journal of Business Venturing 38(3), 106300.

Singh Sandhu, M., Fahmi Sidique, S., & Riaz, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship barriers and entrepreneurial inclination among Malaysian postgraduate students. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17(4), 428–449.

Singh, L. B., & Mehdi, S. A. (2022). Entrepreneurial orientation & entrepreneurial intention: Role of openness to experience as a moderator. The International Journal of Management Education, 20(3), 100691.

Soebijantoro, F. H., Haryanto, S., & Haryati, S. (2021). The needs analysis of the instructional media to improve students’ entrepreneur motivation in historical academic teaching. Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences, 48(9), 309–316.

Song, S., & Chea, P. (2023). Vocational Education and Training in Cambodia. In Pe Symaco, L. & Hayden, M. (Eds.). International Handbook on Education in South East Asia (pp. 1-24). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.

Stephen, O. O., & Festus, O. O. (2022). Utilization of work-based learning program to develop employability skill of workforce (craftsmen) in construction industry towards industrial development. Indonesian Journal of Educational Research and Technology, 2(3), 179–188.

Sunny, R., & Ismail, A. (2023). Exploring strategies to enhance TVET Engagement in Maldives to improve youth career development. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 15(1), 265–276.

Susanto, P. C. (2023). Coaching and mentoring education to improve the competence of final-semester students. In International Conference on Education of Suryakancana (IConnects Proceedings).

Tiberius, V., Weyland, M., & Mahto, R. V. (2023). Best of entrepreneurship education? A curriculum analysis of the highest-ranking entrepreneurship MBA programs. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(1), 100753.

Ting, S. X., Feng, L., & Qin, W. (2017). The effect of entrepreneur mentoring and its determinants in the Chinese context. Management Decision, 55(7), 1410–1425.

Wilbanks, J. E. (2013). Mentoring and entrepreneurship: Examining the potential for entreneurship education and for aspiring new entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 23(1), 93–101.

Yuan, C. H., Wang, D., Hong, L., Zou, Y., & Wen, J. (2022). Coming back home to start up a business? A comparison between youth from rural and urban backgrounds in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(August), 962419.

Zen, A., Kusumastuti, R., Metris, D., Gadzali, S. S., & Ausat, A. M. A. (2023). Implications of entrepreneurship education as a field of study for advancing research and practice. Journal on Education, 5(4), 11441–11453.

Zeng, L., Ye, J. H., Wang, N., Lee, Y. S., & Yuan, J. (2023). The learning needs of art and design students in chinese vocational colleges for entrepreneurship education: from the perspectives of theory of entrepreneurial thought and action. Sustainability, 15(3), 2366.

Zhang, X. (2023). Research on the influence of entrepreneurial mentor support behavior on college students' entrepreneurial opportunity identification. Journal of Innovation and Development, 2(2), 26–30.

Zhang, X., & Nong, S. (2022). Reflections on entrepreneurship education in the context of information technology: how entrepreneurship tutors affect the identification of entrepreneurship opportunities for college students. In 2022 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education (IC-ICAIE 2022) (pp. 415-420). Atlantis Press.