Social entrepreneurship for young people with disabilities: A conceptual analysis
Main Article Content
Abstract
Employment is one of the most basic needs of everyone, including people with disabilities (PWD). However, the numerous obstacles faced by PWD limit their ability to actively participate in the labour market, become economically self-sufficient, and contribute to national economic development. In general, PWD all over the world face a high risk of unemployment. Therefore, this study explored the function of social entrepreneurship in eradicating unemployment among young PWD. This research also emphasised the challenges experienced by PWD in securing employment in Malaysia. Among the issues highlighted are the negative attitudes of employers towards PWD and how employers could adopt the social entrepreneurship perspective. The systematic review method was used to examine the previous literature to accomplish the highlighted purpose and seek answer to the research questions. The literature review revealed problems of unemployment among young PWD. Hence, the improvement of young PWD’s employment have to be focused systematically by taking into account the social entrepreneurship’s perspective. This study is expected to provide a significant contribution to the knowledge on employment of young PWD and would increase the number of their participation in the workplaces.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Ab Halim, F., Bakar, A. R., Hamzah, R., & Rashid, M. A. (2013). Employability silks of technical and vocational students with hearing impairments: Employers’ perspectives. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 5(2), 65-74.
Agyei, H. (2016), Breaking Barriers for the Inclusion of Persons with Disability in National Development. American Journal of Educational Research, 4(1), 8-10.
Ajzen I, (2002). Perceived Behavioural Control, Self-efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Arnidawati W (2013). Supported employment: persons with learning difficulties in Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Warwick).
British Council (2018). ASEAN Social Enterprise Structuring Guide (2018). Retrieved April 12, 2022 from https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/asean_social_enterprise_structuring_guide_guide_final_web_version_0.pdf
Barnes, C. (1992). Disability and employment. Personnel Review, 21(6), 55–73.
Bualar, T. (2014). Barriers to employment: Voices of physically disabled rural women in Thailand. Community, Work & Family, 17(2), 181–199.
Brown, K., Hamner, D., Foleym S., & Woodring, J. (2009). Doing disability: Disability formations in the search for work. Sociological Inquiry, 79(1), 3-24
BLS (2020). Persons With a Disabilities: Labor Force Characteristics 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2022 from < https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/disabl_02262020.pdf>
BLS (2021). Persons With A Disability: Labor Force Characteristics. Retrieved October 9, 2022 from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/disabl.pdf.
Caldwell, K., Parker, S., & Renko, M. (2016). Social entrepreneurs with disabilities: Exploring motivational and attitudinal factors. Canadian Journal of Disability Studies, 5(1), 211-214.
Cheng S., Lam, T. and Hsu, C.H. (2006) Negative word-of-mouth communication intention: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 30(1), 95–116.
Cocks, E., Thoresen, S. H., & Lee, E. A. L. (2013). Employment and related economic outcomes for Australian apprenticeship and traineeship graduates with disabilities: Baseline findings from a national three-year longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 39(3), 205–217.
Colella, A, De Nisi, A.S., & Varma, A. (1998). The impact of ratee’s disability on performance judgments and choice as partner. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 102-111.
Chipeta, E.M., (2015). Social entrepreneurship intentions among university students in Gauteng, Unpublished Masters dissertation, North-West University: Gauteng
Dees, J. G. (2007). Taking social entrepreneurship seriously. Society, 44(3), 24-31.
Department of Social Welfare (2018). Statistical Report Book 2017 Department of Social Welfare . Putrajaya: DFA Print Sdn. Bhd.
Department of Statistics Malaysia (2021). Labour Market Review, First Quarter 2021. Retrieved Dec 20, 2022 from <https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=UTZPNk90d2VWU0M2TW5sNkJvS0t2Zz09>
Digital News Asia. (2015, May 14). Malaysia unveils social enterprise blueprint. Retrieved May 8, 2020, from https://www.digitalnewsasia.com/digitaleconomy/malaysia-unveils-socialenterprise-blueprint
Duff, A., Ferguson, J., & Gilmore, K. (2007). Issues concerning the employment and employability of disabled people in UK accounting firms: An analysis of the views of human resource managers as employment gatekeepers. British Accounting Review, 39(1), 15–38.
Fayolle A., & Gailly B. (2004, 4-7 July). Using the theory of planned behaviour to assess entrepreneurship teaching programs: a first experimentation. 14th Annual IntEnt2004 Conference, Italy.
Filmer, D. (2008). Disability, poverty, and schooling in developing countries: Results from 14
Household Surveys. The World Bank Economic Review, 22(1), 141–163
Fichten, C.S,. & Amsel, R. (1986). Trait attributions about college students with a physical disability: Circumflex analyses and methodological issues. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16(5), 47- 51.
Gamede, B. T., & Uleanya, C. (2018). Entrepreneurship: Solution to unemployment and development in rural communities. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(3), 1-12.
Goodley, D., Lawthom, R., & Runswick-Cole, K. (2014). Disability and austerity: beyond work and slow death. Disability and Society. 29(6), 980-984.
Gouvier, W.D., Sytsma-Jorda,n S., & Mayville, S. (2003). Patterns of discrimination in hiring job applicants with disabilities: The role of disability type, job, complexity and public contact. Rehabilitation Psychology, 48(3), 175–181.
Guenther, J., Falk, I. & Arnott, A. (2008) The Role of Vocational Education and Train in Welfare to Work. Adelaide: National Centre for Vocational Education Research.
Gupta, V. K., & York, A. S. (2008). Attitudes toward entrepreneurship and small business. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2(4), 348- 366.
Hassan, H (2020). Most Malaysian companies struggling under movement control curbs, unemployment at a 10-year high. The Straits Time. Retrieved June 15 2022 from < https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/most-malaysian-companies-struggling-under-movement-control-curbs-unemployment-at-a-10>.
Haq, F.S. (2003). Career and employment opportunities for women with disabilities in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal, 14(1), 71–78.
Han H, Hsu, L-TJ & Sheu, C. (2010) Application of the theory of planned behaviour to green hotel choice: Testing the effect of environmental friendly activities. Tourism Management, 31(3), 325–334.
Heron, R., & Murray, B. (2003). Assisting Disabled Persons In Finding Employment: A Practical Guide (Second ed.). Trinidad and Tobago: International Labor Organisation.
Hogan, A., Kyaw-Mint, S. M., Harris, D., & Denronden, H. (2012). Workforce Participation Barriers for People with Disability. International Journal of Disability Management, 7(1), 1 9.
Holwerda, A., Klink, J.J. L. van der, G., Johan W., & Brouwer, S. (2012) Predictors for Work Participation in Individuals with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 22(3), 333-352.
Izam, S., & Mohamed, W. A. W. (2020). The Unemployment of Special Needs with Learning Disability People in Malaysia: Reality or Fantasy. Journal of Economic Info, 7(2), 141-150.
International Labour Organisation (2015). ILO and disability inclusion. Retrieved July 15 2022 from < https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---ifp_skills/documents/publication/wcms_407645.pdf>
Jayasooria, D., Bathmavati, K., & Godfrey, O. (1997). Disabled people in a newly industrializing economy: Opportunities and challenges in Malaysia. Disability and Society, 12(3), 455–463.
Johnson, V. A., Greenwood, R., & Schriner, K. F. (1988). Work performance and work personality: Employer concerns about workers with disabilities. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 32(1), 50-57.
Special Room. (2019). Penyata rasmi parlimen. Retrieved July 12, 2022 from https://www.parlimen.gov.my/files/hindex/pdf/KKDR-12032019.pdf.
Kulkarni, M., & Valk, R. (2010). Don’t ask, don’t tell: Two views on human resource practices for people with disabilities. IIMB Management Review, 22(4), 137–146.
Lamichhane, K. (2012). Employment situation and life changes for people with disabilities: Evidence from Nepal. Disability & Society, 27(4), 471–485.
Leary, M.R. & Tangney, J.P. (2011). Handbook of self and identity. 2nd. New York, NY: Guilford.
Ledman, R. & Brown, D. (1993). The American with Disabilities Act: The Cutting Edge to Managing Disability, SAM Advanced Management Journal, 58(2), 17 – 20.
Lebusa, M.J., (2014). Entrepreneurial intention in advanced undergraduate students. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(27), 760-765..
Lim, G. E. (2019). Belanjawan Tahun 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https://www.bnm.gov.my/documents/budget/ub2020.pdf .
Lindsay, S., McDougall, C., Menna-Dack, D., Sanfor,d R., & Adams, T. (2015). An ecological approach to understanding barriers to employment for youth with disabilities compared to their typically developing peers: views of youth, employers, and job counselors. Disabil. Rehabil. 37(8), 701–711.
Malay Mail (2016). Workplace discrimination a reality in Malaysia. Retrieved June 26, 2022 from https://www.malaymail.com/news/what-you-think/2016/07/20/workplace-discrimination-a-reality-in-malaysia-azizi-ahmad/1165713.
Manaf, A.R.A., Othman, S.Z., Isa, M.F.M., Noor, W.S.M.M., & Azizan, N. (2019). Employment Challenges among Persons with Disabilities in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(10), 139–148.
McKay, P. F., Avery, D.R. & Morris, M.A. (2008). Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psych., 61(2) 349–374.
Mustaffa, C.S, Halim, H, Ahmad, J, Ishak, M.Q & Johari, N.A (2020). Disability and Poverty: A Review on Social Entrepreneurship Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in Malaysia. Albukhary Social Business Journal, 1(2), 1-11
Ministry of Human Resources (2019) Employment and Labor Statistics. Retrieved July 20, 2022 from https://mohr.gov.my/index.php/ms/. Siri 20 Bil. 2/2019.
Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development. (2016). Action Plan OKU 2016-2022. KPWKM: Putrajaya. Retrieved June 26, 2022 from <https://www.kpwkm.gov.my/kpwkm/index.php?r=portal/about&id=cEdPVDZma1o0MmU0VlpRQloxWkh5QT09>
Nasir, M.N (2020). The Socio- Economic Situation of Disabled Persons in Malaysia. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law. 23(1) 74-82
Omorede, A. (2014). Exploration of motivational drivers towards social entrepreneurship. Social Enterprise Journal, 10(3), 239 –267.
Osman, C.A. & Rahim, H.L. (2014). The Relationship of Entrepreneurial Competencies and Entrepreneurial Intention of Disabled Youth: A Study on Behavioural and Managerial Competencies. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8(23), 62-69.
Omar, M.K, Zakaria, A & Puad, M.H (2021). Enabling Employment for People with Disability (PWD): Readiness, Commitment, and Disposition of Malaysian Employers. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management. 4(15),1-22.
Perry, D. A. (2003). Moving forward: Toward decent work for people with disabilities: Examples of good practices in vocational training and employment from Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, Thailand: International Labour Office.
Punadi, R.P., & Rizal, M.A. (2017). Factors that cultivate youth intention to be social entrepreneur. International Journal of Innovation and Business Strategy, 8(2), 1- 10.
Ramakrishnan, P. (2007). Critical factors influencing employment of disabled persons in Malaysia. Online Thesis. University of South Australia. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/78821.
Renouard, C (2013). Restaurant owner with Down syndrome serves breakfast, lunch, and hugs. Deseret News . Retrieved on June 10, 2022 from https://www.deseret.com/2013/3/6/20515677/restaurant-owner-with-down-syndrome-serves-breakfast-lunch-and-hugs.
Rozali, N., Abdullah, S., Ishak, S. I. D., Azmi, A. A., & Akhmar, N. H. (2017). Challenges faced by people with disability for getting jobs: Entrepreneurship solution for unemployment. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(3), 333-339.
Saleh, M.C (2020). Career Pages and Online Outreach to People with Disabilities : Literature Review. Washington , DC: US Department of Labor , Office of Disability Employment Policy, Employer Assistance Resource Network
Sefotho, M.M. (2015). Mainstreaming disability in education beyond 2015. South African Journal of Education, 35(1), 1-8.
Singh, R & Raj. A (2018). Causes of Youth Unemployment : Emerging Issue in Indian Economy. International Journal for Innovative Engineering and Management Research, 7(13), 644-650
Subari, M., & Nasir, N. (2017). A Review of Social Innovation Initiatives in Malaysia. Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, 3(1), 9-17.
Tagalakis, V., Amsel, R., & Fichten, C.S. (1988). Job interviewing strategies for people with a visible disability. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18(6), 520-532.
Tibble, M. (2005). Review of the existing research on the extra costs of disability. Department for Work and Pensions Working Paper No, 21, London: Department of Work and Pensions.
Tiun, L. T., & Khoo, S. L. (2013). Challenges faced by Malaysians with disabilities in the world of employment. Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development, 24(1), 6-21
Troncoso, N. G. (2014). Aporte de la empresa privada en la construcción devalor social y propuesta de modelo de medición de impacto. Master’s Thesis. Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago de Chile
Tran, K (2019). The Best Country To Be A Social Entrepreneur In 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2022 from < https://www.forbes.com/sites/khaitran/2019/10/26/the-best-country-to-be-a-social-entrepreneur-in-2019/?sh=142f9a13dd37 >
Ton, K.T., Gaillard, J.C., Adamson, C., Akgungor, C., & Ho, H.T. (2020). An empirical exploration of the capabilities of people with disabilities in coping with disasters. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(5), 602-614.
Harun, M.S, Ali, N.M, & Khan, L.M (2020, 15-19 June). The Determinants of Malaysian’s Youth not in Employment, Education or Training. 2020 Asia–Pacific Statistics Week. Bangkok, Thailand.
United Nations. (2017), Disability and Employment, Division for Social Policy and Development Disability. Retrieved on July 9, 2022 from http://un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/factsheet-onpersons-with-disabilities/disability-and-employmentfs.html
Vazire, S. & Wilson, T.D. (2012). Handbook of self-knowledge. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Walsh, L., Lydon, S., & Healy, O. (2014). Employment and vocational skills among individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Predictors, impact, and interventions. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1(4), 266–275.
Wahab, H.A & Ayub, Z.A ( 2016). Persons with Disabilities Act 2008: The Economic Promises for People with Disabilities? International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(7), 313-319.
Yamamoto, S. H., & Alverson, C. Y. (2015). Factors of successful self-employment through vocational rehabilitation for individuals with disabilities. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(2), 318-335.