From Anxiety to Action: Understanding Financial Worries and Strategies to Boost Insurance Take-Up DOI: https://doi.org/10.33093/ijomfa.2025.6.2.12

Main Article Content

Hui Shan Lee
Kee Seng Kuang

Abstract

In developing countries, inadequate insurance and financial planning have led experts to call for government intervention to avoid potential financial crises. In Malaysia, where increasing insurance uptake is a national priority, this study examines how education and socioeconomic factors influence financial concerns. Using a regression model, this study analyses data from 1,000 survey responses from Malaysia in the Global Findex database, examining the effects of education, income, gender, age, and urbanicity on various financial worries, including retirement, medical expenses, monthly bills, and education costs. Findings show that higher education levels are associated with reduced financial anxiety around medical expenses and monthly bills, while income and age significantly impact all financial worry areas. The study highlights the potential of incorporating insurance awareness and financial literacy into education to improve financial well-being and build a more resilient society. The novelty of this study highlights the need for targeted insurance policies that address the specific financial concerns of diverse socio-economic groups.

Article Details

How to Cite
Lee, H. S., & Kuang, K. S. (2025). From Anxiety to Action: Understanding Financial Worries and Strategies to Boost Insurance Take-Up: DOI: https://doi.org/10.33093/ijomfa.2025.6.2.12. International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting, 6(2), 341–374. https://doi.org/10.33093/ijomfa.2025.6.2.12
Section
Management, Finance and Accounting

References

Ali, J., & Ghildiyal, A. K. (2023). Socio-economic characteristics, mobile phone ownership and banking behaviour of individuals as determinants of digital financial inclusion in India. International Journal of Social Economics. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2022-0673

Amagir, A., Groot, W., van den Brink, H. M., & Wilschut, A. (2020). Financial literacy of high school students in the Netherlands: knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and behavior. International Review of Economics Education, 34(May), 100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iree.2020.100185

Amani, J., Luvanga, B., Kihaga, H., Ndeskoi, T., & Gabriel, L. (2023). Why do academics fail to plan for retirement? Employers' and employees' views. Journal of Aging Studies, 64(January), 101103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101103

Amber, H., & Chichaibelu, B. B. (2023). Narrowing the gender digital divide in Pakistan: Mobile phone ownership and female labor force participation. Review of Development Economics, 27(3), 1354–1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12994

An, B. Y., Porcher, S., Tang, S. Y., & Maille-Lefranc, O. (2023). COVID-19 emergency policies, financial security, and social equity: Worldwide evidence. Public Administration Review, 83(5), 1300–1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13652

Baker, S. R., Farrokhnia, R. A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020). How does household spending respond to an epidemic? consumption during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Review of Asset Pricing Studies, 10(4), 834–862. https://doi.org/10.1093/rapstu/raaa009

Bank Negara Malaysia. (2022). The Financial Capability and Inclusion Demand Side Survey 2021. In Financial Stability Review - First Half 2022.

Brüggen, E. C., Hogreve, J., Holmlund, M., Kabadayi, S., & Löfgren, M. (2017). Financial well-being: A conceptualization and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 79, 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.013

Cailin, Y., Tian, X., & Yuyang, Y. (2023). Digital Inclusive Finance and Income Growth of Urban and Rural Residents: Mechanism Test and Heterogeneity Analysis. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, 5(13), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.25236/fsst.2023.051307

Chipunza, K. J., & Fanta, A. B. (2024). Asset accumulation, financial inclusion and subjective well-being: The role of financial formality in South Africa's households. Review of Development Economics, 28(1), 128–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13044

Chong, S. C., Neoh, Z. K. A., Lee, H. S., Mah, P. Y., & Tung, D. T. (2023). A Study of Financial Behavior Among Urban Older Chinese. Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics, 30, 453–473. https://doi.org/10.60016/majcafe.v30.18

DeRigne, L. A., Dare, P. S., Collins, C., Quinn, L. M., & Fuller, K. (2019). Working U.S. Adults without Paid Sick Leave Report more Worries about Finances. Journal of Social Service Research, 45(4), 570–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2018.1481176

Dev, S., Abraham, J., Nair, S., & Ashraf, S. (2023). Financial Constraints and Their Impact on University Students of Different Nationalities in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 14(1), 47–66.

Disney, R., McKay, A., & Shabab, C. R. (2023). Household inequality and remittances in rural Thailand: a life-cycle perspective. Oxford Economic Papers, 75(2), 418–443. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac025

Elliott, W., & Lewis, M. (2015). Student debt effects on financial well-being: Research and policy implications. Journal of Economic Surveys, 29(4), 614–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12124

Erdem, D., & Rojahn, J. (2022). The influence of financial literacy on financial resilience – New evidence from Europe during the COVID-19 crisis. Managerial Finance, 48(9–10), 1453–1471. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-09-2021-0442

Fenton-O'Creevy, M., & Furnham, A. (2022). Money attitudes, financial capabilities, and impulsiveness as predictors of wealth accumulation. PLoS ONE, 17(11 November), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278047

Guan, N., Guariglia, A., Moore, P., Xu, F., & Al-Janabi, H. (2022). Financial stress and depression in adults: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 17(2 Febuary), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264041

Hasan, R., Ashfaq, M., Parveen, T., & Gunardi, A. (2023). Financial inclusion – does digital financial literacy matter for women entrepreneurs? International Journal of Social Economics, 50(8), 1085–1104. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-04-2022-0277

He, L., & Zhou, S. (2022). Household Financial Vulnerability to Income and Medical Expenditure Shocks: Measurement and Determinants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084480

Kaiser, T., & Menkhoff, L. (2020). Financial education in schools: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Economics of Education Review, 78(November 2018), 101930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2019.101930

Kim, J., & Chatterjee, S. (2021). Financial Debt and Mental Health of Young Adults. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 32(2), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1891/JFCP-18-00048

Kitson, A., Feo, R., Lawless, M., Arciuli, J., Clark, R., Golley, R., Lange, B., Ratcliffe, J., & Robinson, S. (2022). Towards a unifying caring life-course theory for better self-care and caring solutions: A discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(1), e6–e20. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14887

KWSP. (2024). Savings of EPF members by race group as at 31 Dec 2023. In KWSP.

Lee, H. S., Cheng, F. F., Nassir, A. M., & Razak, N. H. A. (2019). Impacts of risk based capital regulation in malaysian islamic insurers (Takaful). Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 15(1), 27–59. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2019.15.1.2

Lee, H. S., Kuang, K. S., Liew, P. X., Nassir, A. M., & Ab Razak, N. H. (2023). Machine Learning Models for Financial Inclusion in Malaysia: Opportunity for Insurance or Takaful in Achieving Financial Inclusion. International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems, Iccas, 981–985. https://doi.org/10.23919/ICCAS59377.2023.10316861

Li, J., Wu, Y., & Xiao, J. J. (2020). The impact of digital finance on household consumption: Evidence from China. Economic Modelling, 86(September 2019), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.09.027

Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2014). The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1), 5–44. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.1.5

Maduku, D. K., & Mbeya, S. (2024). Understanding family takaful purchase behaviour: the roles of religious obligation and gender. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 29(440–458). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-023-00213-z

Niankara, I., & Traoret, R. I. (2023). The digital payment-financial inclusion nexus and payment system innovation within the global open economy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(4), 100173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100173

Ning, R., & Wang, M. (2023). The Impact of Fintech on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents. Academic Journal of Business & Management, 5(4), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.25236/ajbm.2023.050403

Ozili, P. K. (2024). Effect of gender equality on financial stability and financial inclusion. Social Responsibility Journal, 20(2), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-12-2022-0565

Pak, T. Y., Fan, L., & Chatterjee, S. (2024). Financial socialization and financial well-being in early adulthood: The mediating role of financial capability. Family Relations, 73(3), 1664–1685. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12959

Rahman, M., Isa, C. R., Masud, M. M., Sarker, M., & Chowdhury, N. T. (2021). The role of financial behaviour, financial literacy, and financial stress in explaining the financial well-being of B40 group in Malaysia. Future Business Journal, 7(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00099-0

Razzaq, A., Qin, S., Zhou, Y., Mahmood, I., & Alnafissa, M. (2024). Determinants of financial inclusion gaps in Pakistan and implications for achieving SDGs. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63445-6

Rizzato, M., Antonelli, M., Sam, C., Di Dio, C., Lazzeroni, D., & Donelli, D. (2023). Happiness and Socio-Demographic Factors in an Italian Sample: A Propensity-Matched Study. Healthcare (Switzerland), 11(11), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111557

Roy, P., & Patro, B. (2022). Financial Inclusion of Women and Gender Gap in Access to Finance: A Systematic Literature Review. Vision, 26(3), 282–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/09722629221104205

Ryu, S., & Fan, L. (2023). The Relationship Between Financial Worries and Psychological Distress Among U.S. Adults. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 44(1), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-022-09820-9

Saalwirth, C., & Leipold, B. (2023). Different facets of COVID-19-related stress in relation to emotional well-being, life satisfaction, and sleep quality. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(April), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1129066

Shim, S., Xiao, J. J., Barber, B. L., & Lyons, A. C. (2009). Pathways to life success: A conceptual model of financial well-being for young adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(6), 708–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2009.02.003

Sinnewe, E., & Nicholson, G. (2023). Healthy financial habits in young adults: An exploratory study of the relationship between subjective financial literacy, engagement with finances, and financial decision-making. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 57(1), 564–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12512

Sujan, M. S. H., Tasnim, R., Islam, M. S., Ferdous, M. Z., Haghighathoseini, A., Koly, K. N., & Pardhan, S. (2022). Financial hardship and mental health conditions in people with underlying health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10499

Tzeng, H. M., Kang, Y., Barker, A., & Okpalauwaekwe, U. (2021). Older Adults' Demographic Social Determinants of Paying for Health Care in Southern United States. MEDSURG Nursing, 30(1), 21–27.

Wagner, J., & Walstad, W. B. (2023). Gender Differences in Financial Decision-Making and Behaviors in Single and Joint Households. American Economist, 68(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/05694345221076004

Weissman, J., Russell, D., & Mann, J. J. (2020). Sociodemographic Characteristics, Financial Worries and Serious Psychological Distress in U.S. Adults. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(4), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10597-019-00519-0/METRICS

Yakubi, Y. A. Y., Basuki, B., Purwono, R., & Usman, I. (2022). The Impact of Digital Technology and Business Regulations on Financial Inclusion and Socio-Economic Development in Low-Income Countries. SAGE Open, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221116112

Yang, J., Wu, Y., & Huang, B. (2023). Digital finance and financial literacy: Evidence from Chinese households. Journal of Banking and Finance, 156(September). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2023.107005

Yap, S., Lee, H. S., & Liew, P. X. (2024). The Roles of Insurance and Banking Services on Financial Inclusion. SAGE Open, 14(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241252268

Yu, L., Mottola, G., Barnes, L. L., Valdes, O., Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., & Boyle, P. A. (2022). Financial fragility and scam susceptibility in community dwelling older adults. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 34(2), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2022.2070568

Yu, Y., Liu, J., & Guo, R. (2025). Credit Cards, Risk Coping and Household Financial Vulnerability. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10834-024-10023-7/TABLES/14