An Improved Backscattering Theoretical Model for Snow Area Manuscript Received: 25 February 2021, Accepted: 11 June 2021, Published: 15 December 2021

Article Sidebar

Fulltext
Published: Dec 15, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33093/jetap.2021.3.2.2
Keywords:
Surface volume scattering, Remote sensing, Theoretical modelling, Backscattering coefficient, Radiative Transfer Equation

Main Article Content

Dina Naqiba Nur Ezzaty Abd Wahid
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University
Syabeela Syahali
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University
Muhamad Jalaluddin Jamri
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University

Abstract

Remote sensing has been studied for a long time to monitor the earth terrain. Remote sensing technology has been used globally in many different fields and one of the most popular area of study that uses remote sensing technology is snow monitoring. In previous researches, remote sensing has been modelled on snow area to study the scattering mechanisms of various scattering processes. In this paper, surface volume second order term that was dropped in previous study is derived, included and studied to observe the improvement in the surface volume backscattering coefficient.  This new model is applied on snow layer above ground and the snow layer is modelled as a volume of ice particles as the Mie scatterers that are closely packed and bounded by irregular boundaries. Various parameters are used to investigate the improvement of adding the new term. Results show improvement in cross-polarized return, for all the range of parameters studied. Comparison is made with the field measurement result from U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in 1990. Close agreement is shown between developed model and data field backscattering coefficient result.

Article Details

Issue
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2021): https://doi.org/10.33093/jetap.2021.3.2
Section
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

References

S. Chandrasekhar, “Radiative Transfer,” Dover Pub., New York, 1960.

S. Syahali and H. T. Ewe, “Backscattering Analysis for Snow Remote Sensing Model With Higher Order of Surface-Volume Scattering,” Prog. in Electromagnet. Res., vol. 48, pp. 25-36, 2016.

P. Kumara, R. Prasad, D. K. Gupta, A. K. Vishwakarma and A. Choudhary, “Retrieval of Rice Crop Growth Variables Using Multi-temporal RISAT-1 Remotely Sensed Data,” Russian Agric. Sci., vol. 43(6), pp. 461-465, 2017.

T. C. Poh, K. J. Yi, L. K. Sing, S. Bahari, H. T. Ewe and H. T. Chuah, “Applications of Remote Sensing in The Monitoring of Rice Crops,” J. Inst. Eng. Malays, vol. 67, pp. 2-11, 2006.

P. Srikanth, A. Chakraborty and C. S. Murthy, “Crop Monitoring Using Microwave Remote Sensing,” Geospatial Techn. for Crops and Soils, pp. 201-228, Springer, Singapore, 2021.

C. M. Toh, H. T. Ewe, S. H. Tey and Y. H. Tay, “A Study on Oil Palm Remote Sensing at l-band With Dense Medium Microwave Backscattering Model,” IEEE Trans. on Geosci. and Remote Sensing, vol. 57(10), pp. 8037-8047, 2019.

K. C. Teng, J. Y. Koay, S. H. Tey, K. S. Lim, H. T. Ewe and H. T. Chuah, “A Dense Medium Microwave Backscattering Model for the Remote Sensing of Oil Palm,” IEEE Trans. on Geosci. and Remote Sensing, vol. 53(6), pp. 3250-3259, 2014.

C. T. Swift and D. J. Cavalieri, “Passive Microwave Remote Sensing for Sea Ice Research,” Eos, Trans. American Geophys. Union, vol. 66(49), pp. 1210-1212, 1985.

S. Syahali and H. T. Ewe, “Remote Sensing Backscattering Model for Sea Ice: Theoretical Modelling and Analysis,” Adv. in Polar Sci., vol. 24(4), pp. 258-264, 2013.

S. Syahali and H. T. Ewe, “Model Development and Analysis of Multiple Surface Scattering and Surface-Volume Scattering in Sea Ice Layer,” IEEE Asia-Pacific Conf. on Appl. Electromagnet., pp. 22-27, 2012.

S. Tan, J. Zhu, L. Tsang and S. V. Nghiem, “Full Wave Simulation of Snowpack Applied to Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice,” IEEE Int. Geosci. and Remote Sensing Symp., 2017.

J. Y. Koay, Y. J. Lee, H. T. Ewe and H. T. Chuah, “Electromagnetic Wave Scattering in Dense Media: Applications in the Remote Sensing of Sea Ice and Vegetation,” Electromagnet. Scattering: A Remote Sending Perspective, pp. 303-339, 2017.

J. Zhu, S. Tan, C. Xiong, L. Tsang, J. Lemmetyinen, C. Derksen and J. King, “Validation of Physical Model and Radar Retrieval Algorithm of Snow Water Equivalent Using Snow SAR Data,” IEEE Int. Geosci. and Remote Sensing Symp., pp. 322-325, 2017.

G. Hu and L. Jia, “Monitoring of Evapotranspiration in A Semi-Arid Inland River Basin by Combining Microwave and Optical Remote Sensing Observations,” Remote Sensing, vol. 7(3), pp, 3056-3087, 2015.

Y. Yamaguchi, T. Moriyama, M. Ishido and H. Yamada, “Four-Component Scattering Model for Polarimetric SAR Image Decomposition,” IEEE Trans. on Geosci. and Remote Sensing, vol. 43(8), pp. 1699-1706, 2005.

P. B. Wei, M. Zhang, D. Nie and Y. C. Jiao, “Improvement of SSA Approach for Numerical Simulation of Sea Surface Scattering at High Microwave Bands,” Remote Sensing, vol. 10(7), 1021, 2018.

A. Sato, Y. Yamaguchi, G. Singh and S. E. Park, “Four-Component Scattering Power Decomposition with Extended Volume Scattering Model,” IEEE Geosci. and Remote Sensing Lett., vol. 9(2), pp, 166-170, 2011.

L. Tsang, T. H. Liao, S. Tan, H. Huang, T. Qiao and K. H. Ding, “Rough Surface and Volume Scattering of Soil Surfaces, Ocean Surfaces, Snow, and Vegetation Based on Numerical Maxwell Model of 3-D Simulations,” IEEE J. Select. Topics in Appl. Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 10(11), pp. 4703-4720, 2017.

H. Bremmer, “Random Volume Scattering,” Radio Sci, vol. 68(9), pp. 967-981, 1964.

H. T. Ewe, H. T. Chuah and A. K. Fung, “A Backscatter Model for A Dense Discrete Medium: Analysis and Numerical Results,” Remote Sensing of Environ., vol. 65(2), pp. 195-203, 1998.

A. K. Fung, S. Tsuatia, J. W. Bredow and H. T. Chuah, “Dense Medium Phase and Amplitude Correction Theory for Spatially and Electrically Dense Media,” 1995 IEEE Int. Geosci. and Remote Sensing Symp., Quantitative Remote Sensing for Science and Applications, vol. 2, pp. 1336-1338, 1995.

A. K. Fung, “Microwave Scattering and Emission Models and Their Applications,” Artech House, Massachusetts, 1994.

D. G. Barber, A. K. Fung, T. C. Grenfell, S. V. Nghiem, R. G. Onstott, V. I. Lytle and A. J. Gow, “The Role of Snow on Microwave Emission and Scattering Over First-Year Sea Ice,” IEEE Trans. on Geosci. and Remote Sensing, vol. 36(5), pp. 1750-1763, 1998

S. Tjuatja, A. K. Fung and J. Bredow, “A Scattering Model for Snow Covered Sea Ice,” IEEE Trans. on Geosci. and Remote Sensing, vol. 30(4), 1992.

C. F. Lum, X. Fu, H. T. Ewe and L. J. Jiang, “A Study of Scattering from Snow Embedded with Non-Spherical Shapes of Scatterers with Relaxed Hierarchical Equivalent Source Algorithm (RHESA),” Prog. in Electromagnet. Res., vol. 61, pp. 51-60, 2017.

X. Fu, L. J. Jiang and H. T. Ewe, “A Novel Relaxed Hierarchical Equivalent Source Algorithm (RHESA) for Electromagnetic Scattering Analysis of Dielectric Objects,” J. of Electromagnet. Waves and Appl., vol. 30, pp. 1631-1642, 2016.

C. F. Lum, H. T. Ewe, F. Xin, L. J. Jiang and H. T. Chuah, “An Analysis of Scattering from Snow with Relaxed Hierachical Equivalent Source Algorithm,” 2017 IEEE Int. Geosci. and Remote Sensing Symp., 2017.

C. F. Lum, X. Fu, H. T. Ewe and L. J. Jiang, “A Study of Single Scattering of Scatterer at Various Orientation Angles with Equivalence Principle Algorithm,” 2015 10th Int. Conf. on Inform., Comm. and Sign. Process., 2015.

S. Syahali, H. T. Ewe, G. Vetharatnam, L. J. Jiang and H. A Kumaresan, “Backscattering Analysis of Cylinder Shaped Scatterer in Vegetation Medium: Comparison Between Theories,” J. Eng. Techn. and Appl. Phys., vol. 2, pp. 15-18, 2020.